[16], The Egyptian god Ptah is given the title gitti 'Lord of Gath' in a prism from Tel Lachish which has on its opposite face the name of Amenhotep II (c. 14351420 BCE). That fits the character of Enlil, El, and Kumarbi in their respective pantheons. One of the first civilizations to grace the Earth, the Sumerians banded together and settled in ancient southern Mesopotamia (modern day south-central Iraq) around 3500 BC. The Romans connected Wden to Mercury because they were both guides of souls after. Mesopotamian Gods and Astrology. She was known to accompany her favorite king in battle in the shape of the planet Venus, the morning star, or the evening star. E.g. A patron deity of Ur, Nannas main temple was Ekishnugal, which was rebuilt or restored many times by different rulers. [11]Today, its home to about six hundred souls in war-torn Afrin province of northwestern Syria; in the second millennium BC, it belonged to a kingdom called Mukish, which is likely why Hurrian religious texts name Kumarbis vizier as Mukishanu.[12]. While Nammu may have been considered to be higher up in earlier forms of the religion, Sumerian goddess Inanna was unquestionably the most important female deity in the history of ancient Mesopotamia , and one of the most revered goddesses from all ancient civilizations. There were more than 3,000 Sumerian gods and goddesses, and the four most well-known gods in the Sumerian religion were An, Ki, Enlil and Enki. Kmr is roughly halfway between Aleppo and the Amuq Valley, right in the middle of an area that includes ancient Antioch, a city of some importance to the early Christian church; Mount Zaphon (modern Jebel al-Aqra), the mountain on which Baals palace was believed to sit; and the Amanus Mountains, the significance of which well explain as we get deeper into this book. Psalm 29, understood as an enthronement psalm, begins: A Psalm of David. This god is sometimes conflated with Chronos (time). Cronus or Kronos is known for having swallowed his children, until his youngest child, Zeus, forced him to regurgitate. https://www.biblestudytools.com/dictionary/amorites/, retrieved 3/11/21. This myth nicely rounds up Inannas personality:lustful, violent, and vengeful. Marduk, in Mesopotamian religion, the chief god of the city of Babylon and the national god of Babylonia; as such, he was eventually called simply Bel, or Lord. Philo of Byblos (c. 64141 AD) was a Greek writer whose account Sanchuniathon survives in quotation by Eusebius and may contain the major surviving traces of Phoenician mythology. An archaic phrase appears in Isaiah 14:13, kkkb 'l 'stars of God', referring to the circumpolar stars that never set, possibly especially to the seven stars of Ursa Major. ama (Sumerian Utu) is the god of the sun. In each case, the god had assumed kingship over the pantheon by replacing a primordial deity who represented the sky or heaven. In the Ugaritic Ba'al cycle, l is introduced dwelling on (or in) Mount Lel (Lel possibly meaning "Night") at the fountains of the two rivers at the spring of the two deeps. With either or each of them she birthed Damu and Ninazu, both gods of healing. While there are a number of "central characters" in the myths and legends of the Anunnaki, much of the action revolves around these two sibling rivals. The equivalent of A.D-li ra-b-umin Sumerian isdEn-ll()kur-gal(kur-gal= great mountain). The clash in tone between his names is not an outlier. tures and ages have added to it. We should also remember that the Akkadians sealed a political alliance with the Hurrians around this time by marrying off the daughter of Narm-Sn to theendan(king) of Urkesh. A trilingual god list from Ugarit, composed during the time of the judges, confirms that the Amorites, Hurrians, Akkadians, and Sumerians all worshiped the god with this handy linguistic equation: Enlil = Kumarbi = El. The rise of the Akkadians occurred around the same time that Amorite migrants began to arrive in southern Mesopotamia. [17]The Hurrians (the Horites of the Bible) and Amorites were among the tribes Joshua and the Israelites had to push out of Canaan. He scattered stars and planets around the sky, and together with his wife Ningal, gave birth to Inanna and her twin brother Utu. These Israelites are described as a people inhabiting Canaan. New York: Doubleday, amulet of the seventh century BCE from Arslan Tash, "Le dcor asiatique du couteau de Gebel el-Arak", Institut Franais d'Archologie Orientale, van der Toorn, Becking & van der Horst 1999, "Genesis 3 (Blue Letter Bible/ KJV - King James Version)", "Translation of Gods: Kumarpi, Enlil, Dagan/NISABA, alki", "Two brides for two gods. While the Hurrians remained in the Outer Fertile Crescent, the Amorites moved south along the Euphrates and Tigris during the second half of the third millennium BC. Before the Great Flood, Saturn was regarded by all mankind as the supreme god and ruler of the kings. The Roman version is far more benign. To cite this article in an academic-style article or paper, use: James Hardy, "The 10 Most Important Sumerian Gods", History Cooperative, April 22, 2022, https://historycooperative.org/sumerian-gods/. [46] What is certain is that the form 'El does appear in Israelite names from every period including the name Yir'l ("Israel"), meaning "El strives". The god of air, rain, storms, and even the Earth, Enlil may have created life by mating with his mother, but he later married the goddess Ninlil, with whom he birthed the gods Ninurta, Nanna, and Utu, among others. They include Ugaritic ilu, pl. 04-02-2023, 04:36 AM . She later became identified by the Akkadians and Assyrians as the goddess Ishtar, and further with the Hittite Sauska, the Phoenician Astarte and the Greek Aphrodite, among many others. Either way, she went on to enlist the help of Enki to create a clay figurine in the image of the gods themselves. He is tikuka ("your patriarch"). [35] One scholarly position is that the identification of Yahweh with l is late, that Yahweh was earlier thought of as only one of many gods, and not normally identified with l. [20]His name was rarely used as the theophoric element in personal names before the Akkadian conquest of Southern Mesopotamia around 2300 BC.[21]. A rarer form, . The Sumerian texts state that he used his powers responsibly and with benevolence, always watching over the well-being of humanity. The similarity between Bl ad (lord of the mountain), referring to Amurru/Sn, and Yahwehs epithet El Shaddai (God of the mountain) is obvious. [27] He also fathered many gods, most importantly Baal, Yam, and Mot, each sharing similar attributes to the Greco-Roman gods: Zeus, Poseidon, and Hades respectively. Source:https://www.podbean.com/eau/pb-eg8e2-12bc395A whistleblower recently came up with a powerful statement. This gave rise to more than 3,000 Sumerian gods and goddesses. The Moon, the Sun, and the planets were viewed as gods or manifestations of gods. According to the Sumerians these gods came from the planet Nibiru 'Planet of the Crossing.' The Assyrians and Babylonians called it 'Marduk', after their chief god. 3 (July, 1968), p. 172. Said to be in control of female fertility, sexual love, reproduction, and war, she was a catalyst of both life and death, showering the civilization with blessings when pleased. In the Hebrew texts this word is interpreted as being semantically singular for "god" by biblical commentators. There were many notable differences between most modern religions and Sumerian religion apart from the aforementioned polytheism. . This, by the way, follows the broad outlines of Enlils career: A text from Nineveh recounts a myth in which divine beings break the wings of Enlil and Anu and cast them down into the Abyss (aps). This is a striking parallel with the Akkadian personal names. Saturn: A very ancient god, the father of many of the others. [43] The slaying of the serpent in myth is a deed attributed to both Ba'al Hadad and 'Anat in the Ugaritic texts, but not to l.[44]. In the episode of the "Palace of Ba'al", the god Ba'al Hadad invites the "seventy sons of Athirat" to a feast in his new palace. Inanna is the ancient Sumerian goddess of love, sensuality, fertility, procreation, and also of war. One of the four gods to whom creation was attributed, Enki was primarily the god of fresh water, and was said to have filled the Tigris and Euphrates rivers with both water and marine life. He was called Nanna in Sumerian, and Su'en or Sin in Akkadian. This included the aforementioned air god Enlil, air goddess Ninlil, moon god Nanna, and sun god Utu. The theological position of the Tanakh is that the names l and 'lhm, when used in the singular to mean the supreme god, refer to Yahweh, beside whom other gods are supposed to be either nonexistent or insignificant. . By now, Enlil should require little in the way of an introduction. Mesopotamians believed these pyramid temples connected heaven and earth. As a result, he was visually depicted as a bearded man in a typical garb of the time complete with horned hat sitting down, with flowing streams and fish around him. This star is actually not a star at all, but the largest planet in our solar system, Jupiter. To link to this article in the text of an online publication, please use this URL: https://historycooperative.org/sumerian-gods/. They associated the planets with different gods in their pantheon: Jupiter with Marduk, Venus with Ishtar, Saturn with Ninurta, Mercury with Nabu, Mars with Nergal, the Sun with Shamash and the Moon with Sin. These temples began as little more than elaborate buildings, but as construction became more advanced, they were transformed into massive ziggurats, Babylonian pyramids, and a home to religious traditions and celebrations. Its meaning is unknown, possibly simply emphasis. In the same text, it is said that Marduk cast a [sp]ell against Illil in the Abyss, and consi[gned him] to the Anunnaki, that is, the underworld gods. Jesus is really the son of Ouranos, or the deity that is above and controls the dome. When Amorites first encountered the civilizations of Akkad and Sumer in the twenty-fourth century BC, the two most popular deities among the newcomers were the moon-god, Erah (also spelled Yarikh; called Sn in Akkad and Nanna in Sumer) and the god, under the Amorite name El. This is documented by the Amorite personal names logged in official Sumerian and Akkadian records: If we then take a look at the 43 most popular Amorite names (in this case: Amorite names occurring three times or more). [1]Lluis Feliu, Concerning the Etymology of Enlil: The An=Anum Approach.Aula Orientalis-Supplementa22 (2006), p. 229. For example, although Engur was the original personification of the Abzu, it was later declared that Enki, who was something of a stepson to him, was in charge of all water, and even later, the Abzu was deemed a deity in and of itself in the Babylonian version of events. [38][39], In some places, especially in Psalm 29, Yahweh is clearly envisioned as a storm god,[40] something not true of l so far as we know[41] (although true of his son, Ba'al Haddad). Under the names Zeus, the storm-god of the Greeks, and Baal, the West Semitic storm-god, he was unmasked by Jesus and identified as Satan. Enlil and Kumarbi supplanted Anu, while El took the place of amm (Heaven). Nanna was also the father of fire god Nusku and one of Enlils trusted ministers. In an ancient seal that dates back to the period, Inanna was depicted to have several weapons ready on her back, a horned helmet, wings, and with her foot on a lion whose leash she was holding. Their civilization existed between about 4,500 BCE and 1,900 BCE. Another is that in much of the Hebrew Bible the name El is an alternative name for Yahweh, but in the Elohist and Priestly traditions it is considered an earlier name than Yahweh. NOTE: "Planet" is Greek for wanderer; Greeks and Romans thought the planets and the sun rotate around the earth - 7 known by them - they named gods and days of the week after them. l was sexually aroused and took the two with him, killed a bird by throwing a staff at it, and roasted it over a fire. lm; Hebrew l, pl. He also had relationships with Damkina, and Ninsar and Ninkurra who were his daughters. ENBILULU - The Mesopotamian water god charged with the care of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers. l is the father of Persephone and of Athena (presumably the goddess 'Anat). Rather than emerging from Sumer in the south, as Mesopotamian civilization is assumed to have done, recent research shows that the god was transplanted to Sumer by migrants from the north or northwest. And to Cronus himself again he gave two wings upon his head, one representing the all-ruling mind, and one sensation. Again l lay with his wives and the wives gave birth to "the gracious gods", "cleavers of the sea", "children of the sea". 47, No. Whether this was a long-standing belief or a relatively new one has long been the subject of inconclusive scholarly debate about the prehistory of the sources of the Tanakh and about the prehistory of Israelite religion. Not to follow rabbits too far off the main trail here, but that begs the question: Were the Amorites and Hurrians related? For the reference in some texts of Deuteronomy 32:8 to seventy sons of God corresponding to the seventy sons of l in the Ugaritic texts, see `Elyn. ilnu. This also establishes a link between the Hurrians and the Amorites, and suggests a path of transmission from the north to Sumer. They saluted him as husband. The offspring of air deities Enlil and Ninlil, Nanna was responsible for bringing light to the dark sky, which was said to be divided into three domes over a flat Earth with each dome made of a precious substance. Before that, the androgynous goddess of sex and war, Inanna (called Ishtar in Akkadian), the patron deity of Uruk, conveyed rulership to leaders in southern Sumer where Enlil was apparently considered a foreign god. He asked the women to tell him when the bird was fully cooked, and to then address him either as husband or as father, for he would thenceforward behave to them as they called him. At sunrise ama was known to emerge from his underground sleeping chamber and take a daily path across the skies [ Image 1 ]. An. Ba'al Hadad is a few times called l's son rather than the son of Dagan as he is normally called, possibly because l is in the position of a clan-father to all the gods. Enkis primary consort was Ki, but in this case she was always referred to as Ninhursag. This recent reconsideration of the nature of Enlil is quite different from the way the god has traditionally been understood by scholars. Gula was also known as Ninisina, Nintinuga, Ninkarrak, and Meme. l (rendered Elus or called by his standard Greek counterpart Cronus) is not the creator god or first god. The Sumerian god Enki is more like the serpent of Genesis and Lucifer. He was the son of Ninhursag and Enlil, and the Babylonians believed that he was a brave warrior riding on a lion with a scorpion tail. 3. In many works of ancient art, one might find images of strange creatures carrying what appears to be a handbag. It' s a free PDF paper (28 pp) on the planets in Mesopotamian sources (i.e., the actual cuneiform astronomical texts also known as the stuff Zecharia Sitchin hides from his readers). [12], However, because the word l sometimes refers to a god other than the great god l, it is frequently ambiguous as to whether l followed by another name means the great god l with a particular epithet applied or refers to another god entirely. Nibiru = Sumerian "planet of the crossing". Such mythological motifs are variously seen as late survivals from a period when Yahweh held a place in theology comparable to that of Hadad at Ugarit; or as late henotheistic/monotheistic applications to Yahweh of deeds more commonly attributed to Hadad; or simply as examples of eclectic application of the same motifs and imagery to various different gods. A small statuette of Enlil which shows him as a bearded man sitting on a throne was found in Nippur. There was also no cult formed to worship her, and it is said that she is the same entity as the goddesses Ninmah, Ninhursag, and Nintu, among others. (See 2 Kings 23:15.)[47]. It was about this time that Enlil appears to have been elevated from the status of patron god of Nippur, a city located near the Euphrates about one hundred miles southeast of modern Baghdad, to head of the Mesopotamian pantheon. The m-enclitic appears elsewhere in the Tanakh and in other Semitic languages. Unlike Ereshkigal, the healing goddess of Sumer had a much brighter reputation in the region. However, she also felt pity later on, and allowed him to join her in heaven for half a year albeit at the expense of having his sister replace him for the duration. cognate with Arabic Latif "hidden". Utus chief place of worship was at Sippar, with the temple being called the White House. His temple also seems to have acquired the title E-kur (House of the Mountain) with the rise of the Akkadian Empire. 'elhm ("god") stands in the council of 'l [18]) Yet another connection is seen with the Mandaean angel Ptahil, whose name combines both the terms Ptah and Il. In later times, Engur was essentially superseded by Enki, the Sumerian god of water, wisdom, water, and crafts whom we will meet later on. It occasionally appears with the definite article as h'l 'the god' (for example in 2 Samuel 22:31,3348). Here is a list of the 10 most important: Contents show 10. [17] (However, in the Ugaritic texts, Ptah is seemingly identified rather with the craftsman god Kothar-wa-Khasis. However, it wasnt just heaven and Earth; there was also the Netherworld or Kur, which was a bleak, dark, underground version of Earth which was home to every deceased soul regardless of their actions on the living plane. Ninurta was an ancient Sumerian and Akkadian god of War. Although the Amorites spoke a Semitic language, they were usually portrayed in Egyptian art with fair skin. So how did this group of Canaanite El-worshippers come in contact with the cult of Yhwh? Likewise, the Sumerian god Anu was represented by the same pointed star inside a solar disk. Going back to the 8th century BCE, the bilingual inscription[53] at Karatepe in the Taurus Mountains equates l-Creator-of-the-Earth to Luwian hieroglyphs read as da-a-,[54] this being the Luwian form of the name of the Babylonian water god Ea, lord of the abyss of water under the earth. l has three wives, his sisters or half-sisters Aphrodite/Astarte ('Ashtart), Rhea (presumably Asherah), and Dione (identified by Sanchuniathon with Ba'alat Gebal the tutelary goddess of Byblos, a city which Sanchuniathon says that l founded). Occult researchers affirm that Saturn ruled the kingdom of Atlantis and became the divine ancestor of all earthly patriarchs and kings. Scholars used to believe that the gods name was a combination of the Sumerian wordsen(lord) andll(air/wind or storm). Cronus, also spelled Cronos or Kronos, in ancient Greek religion, male deity who was worshipped by the pre-Hellenic population of Greece but probably was not widely worshipped by the Greeks themselves; he was later identified with the Roman god Saturn. Like other Mesopotamian gods, his cult changed over time. The Fallen Realm doesnt hesitate to steal that which belongs to their Creator. "The Phoenicians every year sacrificed their beloved and only begotten children to Kronos, or Saturn; and the Rhodesians often did the same." The case of ala and ala", Bartleby: American Heritage Dictionary: Semitic Roots: l, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=El_(deity)&oldid=1150397638, Hebrew words and phrases in the Hebrew Bible, Articles having same image on Wikidata and Wikipedia, Articles containing Ugaritic-language text, Articles containing Phoenician-language text, Articles containing Akkadian-language text, Articles containing Imperial Aramaic (700-300 BCE)-language text, Articles with unsourced statements from April 2022, Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from April 2015, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 17 April 2023, at 23:37. Scholars used to believe that the god's name was a combination of the Sumerian words en ("lord") and ll ("air/wind" or "storm"). An, the Sumerian deity who ruled heaven, was the most important god, and the most important deity, in the religion overall. 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